The Scandinavian languages are very similar and we can usually understand each other pretty well just using our native tongues, though there are some funny traps and false friends. Norwegians are entertained that in Sweden we drink “bärs” (beer), because it sounds exactly like “baesj” (shit). And are astounded that we can “pula” with almost anything, as in “tinker/fiddle around” in Swedish and “fucking” in Norwegian. Oh yeah, a Norwegian ex gf found it hilarious that we have “rågkusar” (a type of rye bread) in the stores, as “kusa” in norwegian mean “cunt”. Also in Swedish a common slang word for shoes is “dojor/dojer”, which on the west coast of norway is very similar to “daejer” that means tits. So don’t go in a shoe store asking for a nice pair of “dojer” unless you know exactly what you are doing.

On a sidenote, I must give credit to the best Swedish word I know; “Skamsköljning”. Literally “shame-rinsing”. As in remembering something stupid you did and the feeling of shame washing over you. In Norwegian it is probably “pule-svejs”, fuck-haircut. The funny hair you have after a good banging.

Greek: Ναι (ne) means yes. Greeks often move their head up and down to say yes.
Bulgarian: Не (ne) means no. Bulgarians often move their head up and down to say no.

So if someone says ne and moves their head up and down it could be a Greek saying yes or a Bulgarian saying no. In reality the movements are not the same but it would probably be confusing to an outsider.

mare:

• french: pond
• english: female horse
• italian: ocean
• dutch: message

P.S the word for what you’re describing is either homonym (spelled the same, sounds the same) or a heteronym (spelled the same, sounds different). Wiktionary has a good table

Spanish and Italian have a few funny ones:

Burro: Donkey (Spanish) / Butter (Italian)

Porro: joint (of weed, you know) / Leek

Orto: Ass (not everywhere, but where I lived, it had that meaning) / vegetable garden

There’s probably more, but these come to mind now.

In German, we’ve somehow adopted the English word “Handy” to refer to mobile phones. Problem is, if you actually use it as a noun in an English sentence, it’s a slang word for “handjob”. 🫠

“Rapaz” = Guy, as in a young man, in Galician / Bird of prey in Spanish.

In Danish, and probably other Scandinavian languages, the word for speed, is ‘fart’. In older days it also meant movement, so it is part of a bunch of other words. Therefore we have word like

• Fartkontrol (speed control)
• Fartpilot (cruise control)
• Topfart (top speed)
• Middelfart (city in Denmark)
• Overfart (ferry crossing)
• Fartbump (speed bump)
• Fartblind (unaware of one’s speed)
• Fartplan (timetable)
• Nedfart (descent)
• Dampfart (steam navigation)
• Indfart (entry road)

I remember the Czech word Pozor. It means “Attention” and is seen everywhere on all sorts of signage.

In Russian, however (and possibly other slavic languages), it means shame/disgrace.

I’m sure there were jokes about it when Russians were the invaders, but can’t remember any.

Then there’s Finnish/Estonian

But my favorite is “nahkhiir”, which means leather (nahk[a]) mouse (hiir[i]), i.e. a bat. (in Finnish it would be nahkahiiri, but bats are called lepakko)
Batman is consequently called Nahkhiirmees in Estonian, i.e. Leathermouseman.

Actual. English: real. Spanish: current

Sensible. English: reasonable. Spanish: sensitive

embarrassed and embarazada (pregnant) in Spanish

| 手紙 | Letter (mail) | Toilet Paper |

Mood

English/german has Gift and Die.

Probably others but idk.

Some of those you listed are closely related for a reason though, or are actually the same, in a sense. So I’m not sure they’re different enough to really be considered false friends? Especially if you look at older shared uses and meanings. Even within Mandarin, you have the same type of differences. 計算機 for calculator or computer, but computers are calculators (compute and calculate are synonymous to begin with).

A Mandarin professor explained in my class that 先生 was used in the past to address teachers. Both Korean and Japanese still use 先生 to address teachers, but they can also use it to address other people in a highly respectful manner too (i.e., like ‘mister’). But mainland Chinese eventually started using 老師 for some reason. Technically, 先生 doesn’t literally mean teacher anyway. The job title in Japan is 教師.

Even if they’re a bit different, most of them are easy to connect the dots. Like

新聞: news -> newspaper 約束: promises bind and constrain us 文句: technically does mean ‘phrase’, but its use as ‘grumbling’ (i.e., complaint) seems to have become more common 白鳥: swans are white birds, yeah? 氷箱: a box of ice is just a primitive method of refrigeration, no? 邪魔: this one comes from Buddhism, so the meaning is actually originally the same, but instead of just wicked spirits that hinder you from reaching enlightenment, it came to mean any hindrance in general 猪: pigs are domesticated subspecies of boars 走: ‘run’ is the original meaning of this character 首: still used for head in some contexts 床: still means bed in some contexts

Both who/hoe and wie/wie are pronounced almost identically. Always creates a knot in my brain that usually grinds my already not fluent speaking to a halt.

In American English (AmE) and British English (BrE), the verb “to table” is used in legislative debates. But the meaning is diametrically opposite: AmE uses the verb to mean the abandonment of a bill, analogized as though leaving it on the bargaining table to rot. Whereas the BrE verb means to introduce legislation, as in “bringing a bill to the table”.

Both clearly share the same origin – a piece of furniture – and yet diverged as to what act is described by the word.

Other confusion arises from the verb “to sanction” which can mean “to allow” but sometimes also “to prohibit” or “make punishable”.

And a more modern addition in slang vernacular: “to drop”. In the context of artists, “dropping a mix tape” would mean to introduce new music. But “dropping a vocalist” means that the band has fired their singer. It would be confusing if both uses were found in the same sentence.